ArticleLife (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Biomechanical Investigation of Head Injuries Caused by Baseball Bat Strikes with Different Bat Sizes and Velocities: A Finite Element Simulation Study.
Article in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Mechanisms to Meaningful Recovery: Integrating Biology, Technology, and Ethics in Traumatic Brain Injury Care.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Biomechanical effects of sex and bat size on head-directed blunt strikes.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
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6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTraumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant clinical problem, with the biomechanical mechanisms of striking from different blunt instruments remaining unclear. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate TBI severity under blunt strikes and to assess the effects of strike velocity and blunt instrument size on biomechanical responses to provide a finite element approach for investigating injury mechanisms and informing clinical diagnosis.
methodsA head finite element model incorporating an outer cortical-cancellous-inner cortical bone structure was developed and verified against a previous cadaveric impact study. Strike velocities and blunt instrument parameters, obtained from experiments in which a long bat (LB) and a short bat (SB) were used to strike a dummy head, were applied as the loading conditions in the finite element simulation. Kinetic energy (KE), internal energy (IE), impact force, von Mises stress on skull, intracranial pressure (ICP), and Head
resultsSimulated force and ICP responses agreed with cadaveric experimental data within a 9.8% error. With increasing strike velocity (10-30 m/s), KE, IE, impact force, ICP, and Head
conclusionThis study reveals that increasing strike velocity and employing a larger blunt instrument elevate biomechanical responses, resulting in von Mises stress transitioning from localized concentration to multipolar dispersion. Specifically, when striking the head with the LB at velocities exceeding 12 m/s or with the SB exceeding 14 m/s, the impacts indicate a severely life-threatening level. These findings deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of blunt TBI. The constructed and validated finite element model can be repeatedly used for computer simulations of TBI under various blunt striking conditions, providing a scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and surgical planning.
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