Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41597752›Full record

ReviewMicroorganisms2026

Clinical and Immunological Perspectives on the Nasal Microbiome's Role in Olfactory Function and Dysfunction.

Farwa Mukhtar, Antonio Guarnieri, Maria Di Naro, Daria Nicolosi, Natasha Brancazio, Attilio Varricchio, Antonio Varricchio, Muhammad Zubair, Tamar Didbaridze, Giulio Petronio Petronio and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Microorganisms, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Farwa MukhtarDepartment of Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Molise, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9856-9606
Antonio GuarnieriDepartment of Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Molise, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-3949-4143
Maria Di NaroDepartment of Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Molise, Italy.ORCID 0009-0002-0116-0308
Daria NicolosiDepartment of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Sicily, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-4822-0363
Natasha BrancazioDepartment of Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Molise, Italy.ORCID 0009-0001-2203-3327
Attilio VarricchioDepartment of Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Molise, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-6208-4129
Antonio VarricchioDepartment of Otolaryngology, Azienda Ospedaliera Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Veneto, Italy.
Muhammad ZubairDepartment of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-4534-0968
Tamar DidbaridzeDepartment of Microbiology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0001-7485-4330
Giulio Petronio PetronioDepartment of Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Molise, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5098-7785
Roberto Di MarcoDepartment of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Sicily, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-5075-4597

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The nasal microbiome represents a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem that contributes to mucosal defense, epithelial homeostasis, immune regulation, and olfactory function. Increasing evidence indicates that this microbial community actively interacts with host physiology, while alterations in its composition are associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and olfactory impairment. Such changes have been reported in conditions including chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and post-viral anosmia. Beyond local effects, chronic nasal inflammation has been hypothesized to influence neuroinflammatory processes and protein aggregation pathways involving α-synuclein and tau, potentially linking nasal microbial imbalance to neurodegenerative mechanisms. However, current evidence remains largely indirect and does not support a causal relationship. This narrative review summarizes current clinical and immunological evidence on the role of the nasal microbiome in olfactory function and dysfunction, highlighting limitations of existing studies and outlining future research directions.

Indexed as

chronic rhinosinusitisnasal–brain axisnasal microbiomeneuroinflammationolfactory function

Identifiers

PMID41597752
PMCPMC12843637

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.