The Epidemiologic Comparison of Two Correlated Relative Risks: A Simple but Efficient Clinical Trial Design for Assessing Risk-Reduction and Treatment Significance.

Jimmy T Efird, Genevieve N Dupuis, Yuk Ming Choi, Hongsheng Wu

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jimmy T EfirdVA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, 2 Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, MA 02111, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4890-5111

Genevieve N DupuisVA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, 2 Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, MA 02111, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6510-9790

Yuk Ming ChoiProvider Services, Signify Health, 4055 (S-700) Valley View Ln, Dallas, TX 75244, USA.

Hongsheng WuVA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, 2 Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In the context of platform design, umbrella trials are a type of master protocol in which multiple treatments are randomized and evaluated with respect to a common, referent-control arm. In a simplified (1:1:1), non-adapted case, this is equivalent to the epidemiologic comparison of two correlated relative risks for assessing risk-reduction on the log-difference scale. The use of shared controls has the potential to reduce study time and costs but infers greater complexity to account for the covariance between relative effect estimates (i.e., dependence arising because treatment arms use the same referent group). Multiplicity adjustment is unnecessary on the log-difference scale (three-group design) as this is a single test statistic for interaction. An intuitive, risk-reduction (LDL-C statin) example is presented to illustrate the practical application of this method.

Indexed as

Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicResearch DesignRisk Reduction BehaviorHumansHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsRiskRisk AssessmentHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitorscommon referent-controlcorrelated relative riskslog-difference scalerisk-reductionumbrella trials

Identifiers

PMID41597356

DOI10.3390/medicina62010070

PMCPMC12843015

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.