Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41596610›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026

SHIV.D Infection Alters Production and Protein Composition of Myeloid-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Rachel M Podgorski, Amir Yarmahmoodi, Stephen Baak, Rebecca Warfield, Jake A Robinson, Jennifer Roof, Maurizio Caocci, Hossein Fazelinia, Lynn A Spruce, Katharine J Bar and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Rachel M PodgorskiCenter for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1467-0921
Amir YarmahmoodiFlow Cytometry Core Facility, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
Stephen BaakCenter for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2285-7676
Rebecca WarfieldCenter for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
Jake A RobinsonDepartment of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Jennifer RoofProteomics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3852-1330
Maurizio CaocciDepartment of Medicine, Rutgers Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
Hossein FazeliniaProteomics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Lynn A SpruceProteomics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Katharine J BarDepartment of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Tricia H BurdoDepartment of Medicine, Rutgers Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4224-7381

Funding

NIH HHS 1P01AI131338-01NIH HHS 1P30MH092177-01NIH HHS 1R01AI162646-01NIH HHS 1R01MH128155-01NIH HHS 1T32MH079785-14NIH HHS 1UM1AI126619-01NIH HHS 1UM1AI126620-01
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Although neurological disease is common in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH), the contributing factors and underlying inflammatory mechanisms remain challenging to identify. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a relatively uncharacterized modality of intercellular communication and bioactive cargo transport in the setting of viral infection and pathogenesis. EVs carry inflammatory mediators to areas of the periphery during antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression but are understudied in the brain. Using a biologically relevant simian-human immunodeficiency chimeric virus with a clade D HIV envelope (SHIV.D)-infected rhesus macaque (RM) model of HIV persistence in the central nervous system (CNS), we investigate circulating EV populations and the protein cargo of myeloid-derived EVs during SHIV infection. Using EV flow cytometry to quantify specific EV subpopulations, we found a significant increase in TMEM119+ microglial EVs and CD171+ neuronal EVs in RM plasma during viremia and ART suppression. Using primary RM monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), we determined that MDMs increased EV production after SHIV infection. Whole proteomic analysis of these EVs demonstrated that myeloid EVs isolated from SHIV.D-infected MDMs carried significantly increased levels of neuropathogenic and inflammatory proteins. Altogether, these studies improve our understanding of the contribution of myeloid EVs to neurological disease during SHIV/HIV infection.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesMyeloid CellsSimian Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeSimian Immunodeficiency VirusAnimalsHumansMacaca mulattaMacrophagesMicrogliaProteomicsextracellular vesiclesHIVneuroinflammationSHIVviral persistence

Identifiers

PMID41596610
PMCPMC12842161

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.