ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Comprehensive Toxicological Evaluation of 3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite (3DPHA) for Bone Grafting Applications.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Influence of carboxymethyl cellulose and calcium-crosslinked CMC coating of 3D-Printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds on the early hemostatic performance and osteoblastic compatibility.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Article
- Bone regenerative efficacy of binder-jet fabricated hydroxyapatite granules with and without biomimetic octacalcium phosphate-coated modification in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Binder jet 3D printing combined with a low-temperature phase transformation process has emerged as a promising route for producing 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (3DPHA) scaffolds with controlled architecture for bone grafting applications. However, the toxicological profile of this unique binder jet-derived material has not yet been established. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive compositional and toxicological assessment of 3DPHA fabricated via the calcium sulfate transformation route. The material exhibited phase-pure hydroxyapatite (HA) with a Ca/P ratio consistent with non-stoichiometric HA and low levels of trace elemental impurities. In vitro assays revealed no cytotoxic, irritant, sensitizing, or mutagenic effects. This work provides a standardized toxicological and compositional safety validation of 3DPHA. By linking compositional purity to biological safety and demonstrating compliance with international benchmarks, this study establishes a regulatory foundation confirming that 3DPHA is chemically pure, biologically safe, and ready for clinical translation as a bone-graft material.
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Registered trials
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