Quantifying In Vivo Arterial Deformation from CT and MRI: A Systematic Review of Segmentation, Motion Tracking, and Kinematic Metrics.

This article presents a systematic review on methods for quantifying three-dimensional, time-resolved (3D+t) deformation and motion of human arteries from Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, and PubMed on 19 December 2025 for in vivo, patient-specific CT or MRI studies reporting motion or deformation of large human arteries. We included studies that quantified arterial deformation or motion tracking and excluded non-vascular tissues, in vitro or purely computational work. Thirty-five studies were included in the qualitative synthesis; most were small, single-centre observational cohorts. Articles were analysed qualitatively, and results were synthesised narratively. Across the 35 studies, the most common segmentation approaches are active contours and threshold, while temporal motion is tracked using either voxel registration or surface methods. These kinematic data are used to compute metrics such as circumferential and longitudinal strain, distensibility, and curvature. Several studies also employ inverse methods to estimate wall stiffness. The findings consistently show that arterial strain decreases with age (on the order of 20% per decade in some cases) and in the presence of disease, that stiffness correlates with geometric remodelling, and that deformation is spatially heterogeneous. However, insufficient data prevents meaningful comparison across methods.