ArticleBiology2026
Force-Dependent Presence of Senescent Cells Expressing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor During Orthodontic Tooth Movement.
Article in Biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Orthodontic force magnitude influences angiogenesis during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM); however, the role of senescent cells remains largely unclear. This study investigated the localization of senescent cells and their expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during angiogenesis using a rat horizontal OTM model with different force magnitudes. Nickel-titanium coil springs exerting 60 g or 180 g of orthodontic force were applied to the maxillary first molar of 15-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats; untreated rats served as controls. Tooth movement was evaluated by stereomicroscopy and micro-computed tomography. Senescent cells (p21, p16) and angiogenesis (CD31 and VEGF) were evaluated by multiplex immunofluorescence. Tooth movement was observed under both the 60 g and 180 g conditions. The 60 g group showed increased cellularity, vascular density, and VEGF expression, suggesting an optimal mechanical force. In contrast, the 180 g group reduced cellularity and angiogenesis, consistent with excessive force. Senescent cells were more abundant in the 60 g group, with over 40% expressing VEGF. These findings suggest that force magnitude influences the presence of VEGF
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