ReviewBrain sciences2026
Versatility of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications.
Review in Brain sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- State-Dependent Temporal Dynamics of Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition Across Current Direction and Pulse Duration Using Controllable Pulse-Parameter TMS.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- The Role of Nootropic Supplements in Sports: Enhancing Cognitive and Physical Performance Simultaneously.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that utilizes magnetic fields to induce cortical electric currents, enabling both the measurement and modulation of neuronal activity. Initially developed as a diagnostic tool, TMS now serves dual roles in clinical neurology, offering insight into neurophysiological dysfunctions and the therapeutic modulation of abnormal cortical excitability. This review examines key TMS outcome measures, including motor thresholds (MT), input-output (I/O) curves, cortical silent periods (CSP), and paired-pulse paradigms such as short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), intracortical facilitation (ICF), long interval cortical inhibition (LICI), interhemispheric inhibition (IHI), and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI). These biomarkers reflect underlying neurotransmitter systems and can aid in differentiating neurological conditions. Diagnostic applications of TMS are explored in Parkinson's disease (PD), dystonia, essential tremor (ET), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Each condition displays characteristic neurophysiological profiles, highlighting the potential for TMS-derived biomarkers in early or differential diagnosis. Therapeutically, repetitive TMS (rTMS) has shown promise in modulating cortical circuits and improving motor and cognitive symptoms. High- and low-frequency stimulation protocols have demonstrated efficacy in PD, dystonia, ET, AD, and MCI, targeting the specific cortical regions implicated in each disorder. Moreover, the successful application of TMS in differentiating and treating AD and MCI underscores its clinical utility and translational potential across all neurodegenerative conditions. As research advances, increased attention and investment in TMS could facilitate similar diagnostic and therapeutic breakthroughs for other neurological disorders that currently lack robust tools for early detection and effective intervention. Moreover, this review also aims to underscore the importance of maintaining standardized TMS protocols. By highlighting inconsistencies and variability in outcomes across studies, we emphasize that careful methodological design is critical for ensuring the reproducibility, comparability, and reliable interpretation of TMS findings. In summary, this review emphasizes the value of TMS as a distinctive, non-invasive approach to probing brain function and highlights its considerable promise as both a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in neurology-roles that are often considered separately.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.