ReviewBiomolecules2025
Electrochemical Choline Sensing: Biological Context, Electron Transfer Pathways and Practical Design Strategies.
Review in Biomolecules, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Choline is a central metabolite that connects membrane turnover, neurotransmission, and one-carbon metabolism, and its reliable measurement across diverse biological matrices remains a significant analytical challenge. This review brings together biological context, electrochemical mechanisms, and device engineering to define realistic performance targets for choline sensors in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular space, and milk. We examine enzymatic sensor architectures ranging from peroxide-based detection to mediated electron transfer via ferrocene derivatives, quinones, and osmium redox polymers and assess how applied potential, oxygen availability, and film structure shape electron-transfer pathways. Evidence for direct electron transfer with choline oxidase is critically evaluated, with emphasis on the essential controls needed to distinguish true flavin-based communication from peroxide-related artefacts. We also examine bienzymatic formats that allow operation at low or negative bias and discuss strategies for matrix-matched validation, selectivity, drift control, and resistance to fouling. To support reliable translation, we outline reporting standards that include matrix-specific concentration ranges, reference electrode notation, mediator characteristics, selectivity panels, and access to raw electrochemical traces. By connecting biological requirements to mechanistic pathways and practical design considerations, this review provides a coherent framework for developing choline sensors that deliver stable, reproducible performance in real samples.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.