SynthesisBMC public health2026
Prevalence of insulin injection-induced lipohypertrophy detected by ultrasound: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSubcutaneous LH (LH) is the most common complication in patients receiving insulin injections and can lead to poor blood glucose control. Ultrasound can accurately detect LH, which helps to reveal its true prevalence, thereby increasing the emphasis on interventions and preventing its occurrence and progression to the extent possible.
objectiveThis study aimed to systematically evaluate the overall prevalence of LH associated with insulin injection on the basis of ultrasound detection.
methodsA comprehensive systematic search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Wanfang Database, the China Biomedical Literature Database, and the Chinese Medical Journal Full-text Database, from January 1, 2000, to April 30, 2025, to identify relevant literature on LH detection by ultrasound. Two independent reviewers performed literature screening, quality assessment, data extraction, and cross-verification, followed by meta-analysis using Stata 16.0 software.
resultsThe analysis included 18 studies encompassing 7139 patients who received diabetic insulin injections. The meta-analysis revealed a 70.5% (I2 = 98.8%, P < 0.001) overall prevalence of insulin injection-induced LH detected by ultrasound. The prevalence was 76.8% in mainland China, whereas it was 64.5% in other countries. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 70.8%, while that of type 2 diabetes was 58.3%. Studies conducted before 2021 reported an overall LH prevalence of 69.8%, whereas those conducted during and after 2021 reported a prevalence of 70.9%. The prevalence of LH using ultrasonic diagnostic criterion 1 was 79.2%, that using criterion 2 was 47.9%, and that using criterion 4 was 75.7%.
conclusionsIn recent years, LH has remained prevalent among patients receiving long-term insulin injections. Administrators, health care providers, and patients should recognize LH as a public health issue that demands a systematic response. To this end, it is crucial to implement systematic training and health education, alongside active screening, early intervention, and regular follow-up. Furthermore, health care administrators and researchers should unify the ultrasound diagnostic criteria and standardize operating procedures to accurately understand the true prevalence of LH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.