Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41593486›Full record

ArticleBMC primary care2026

"Walking around the golf course is the exercise you need": Exploring the acceptability of a golf on referral scheme amongst participants through post-programme focus groups.

Samuel J Warne, Lynsey R Brown, Kevin Barker, Sharon A Carstairs, Kathryn Burns Cunningham, Sandhya Duggal, Iain Evans, Allan Martin, Andrew Murray, Gozde Ozakinci and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC primary care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Samuel J WarnePopulation & Behavioural Science Division, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK. sw290@st-andrews.ac.uk.
Lynsey R BrownPopulation & Behavioural Science Division, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK.
Kevin BarkerThe R&A, St Andrews, UK.
Sharon A CarstairsSchool of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Kathryn Burns CunninghamSchool of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Sandhya DuggalEducation Division, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
Iain EvansFife Golf Trust, Kirkcaldy, UK.
Allan MartinProfessional Golfers Association, Gleneagles, UK.
Andrew MurrayThe R&A, St Andrews, UK.
Gozde OzakinciDivision of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
Andrew J WilliamsScottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Frank SullivanPopulation & Behavioural Science Division, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK. fms20@st-andrews.ac.uk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPhysical inactivity has significant adverse consequences for health and wellbeing, yet its ubiquity in higher income countries continues to be a major issue. Participation in sport is one possible solution to reducing inactivity, with evidence showing its ability to increase physical activity levels, improving physical and mental health, as well as social connections. Recent research has suggested that the benefits of sports, such as golf, could be achieved through social prescribing schemes, connecting inactive individuals to local activity opportunities. However, it is unclear how this connection pathway between community health settings and golf clubs may work in practice. A pilot Golf for Health scheme was implemented in Fife, Scotland. The present research aimed to assess the acceptability of this programme and its connection pathways, exploring this amongst participants’ experiences.

methodsHealthcare practices and allied professionals in Fife were invited to take part in the pilot study, connecting inactive individuals with five local golf clubs offering a free-of-charge ‘Golf for Health’ programme. Following the pilot, two semi-structured focus groups (n = 9) were conducted with participants who completed the programme. These aimed to explore how well the intervention was received and the extent to which it met participant needs, as well as the initial connection experience. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

resultsThree overarching themes were developed, representing the barriers and facilitators to engagement; the connection pathway and sign-up process; and the participants’ programme experience. Participants enjoyed the programme, appreciated the chance to learn golf and make new friends in a welcoming environment; however, there were concerns regarding the connection pathways and sign-up process.

conclusionsOverall responses were positive, with reports that participation was generally beneficial. ‘Golf for Health’ may offer an accessible and social introduction to golf, subsequently providing opportunity for long-term health and wellbeing benefits. More work is needed on developing connection pathways that are acceptable and feasible in practice.

Indexed as

GolfHealth PromotionReferral and ConsultationWalkingAdultExerciseFemaleFocus GroupsHumansMalePilot ProjectsScotlandSocial PrescribingCommunity connectionExercise referralFocus groupsPhysical activitySocial prescribingThematic analysis

Identifiers

PMID41593486
PMCPMC13032435

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.