Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41593085›Full record

ArticleNPJ vaccines2026

Comparative evaluation of 5 combination adjuvants on immunogenicity and efficacy of approved seasonal influenza vaccines.

Jenny Hernandez-Davies, Jiin Felgner, Erwin Strahsburger, Jacob Laster, Aarti Jain, Timothy Yates, Emily Silzel, Rafael Assis, Rie Nakajima, Algimantas Jasinskas and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Jenny Hernandez-Davies *Adeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Jiin Felgner *Adeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Erwin StrahsburgerAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Jacob LasterAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Aarti JainAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Timothy YatesAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Emily SilzelAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Rafael AssisAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Rie NakajimaAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Algimantas JasinskasAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Andriy YerominAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Egest J PoneAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Sharon JanAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Luis M de la MazaAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Li LiangAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Philip FelgnerAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Lisa E WagarAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
Anthony E GregoryAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA.
D Huw DaviesAdeline Mah Vaccine Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92693, USA. ddavies@uci.edu.

Funding

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 75N93022C00054-P00007-9999-3
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The benefits of adjuvants for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy are well known. Numerous novel adjuvants are at advanced levels of characterization, including some in clinical trials. However, understanding the relative benefits of each is hindered by a lack of comparative studies between adjuvants within the same study. To address this, we have performed a side-by-side comparison of 5 novel combination adjuvants (Alhydroxyquim-II, T-VANT, TRAC-478, IVAX-1 and IVAX-3) by formulating each with two approved seasonal influenza vaccines, Flublok® and Fluzone HD®, and assessing immunogenicity and efficacy in female and male C57Bl/6 mice. Although all tested adjuvants were immunogenic and protective against H1N1 challenge, T-VANT, TRAC-478 and IVAX-1 and -3 were associated with systemic inflammatory cytokines and robust Th1 responses, while Alhydroxyquim-II elicited lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and a Th2 response. Greater morbidity after challenge was also detected in males compared to females. Side-by-side comparisons of existing and novel adjuvants with the same antigen and model system will help inform rational adjuvant selection and guide vaccine development for influenza and other infectious diseases.

Identifiers

PMID41593085
PMCPMC12852915

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.