ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2026
Amblyopia and adult health: a comprehensive analysis of long-term systemic, sensory and mental health comorbidities in a national cohort.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Sex as a biological variable in amblyopia: implications for developmental plasticity and treatment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo evaluate the adult health consequences of amblyopia, including sensory deficits, mental health, physical activity and cardiovascular health.
methodsA cross-sectional study using data from the National Institutes of Health's
resultsAmblyopia was associated with increased odds of bilateral blindness (OR=2.96, 95% CI 2.54 to 3.44), obesity (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.39), type 2 diabetes (OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.53) and cardiovascular disease (OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.19). Amblyopic individuals took fewer daily steps (5859 vs 6229; p=0.044), indicating decreased physical activity. Neuropsychiatric disorders were more common, including generalised anxiety (OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.72), substance use disorder (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.55), bipolar disorder (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.61), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.86), obsessive compulsive disorder (OR=1.82, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.54) and autism (OR=3.27, 95% CI 1.79 to 5.99). Schizophrenia was not associated (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.42).
conclusionsAmblyopia is associated with long-term systemic health conditions, suggesting either long-term effects of visual impairment or shared underlying risk factors. These findings underscore the need for early detection and intervention. Further research is needed to explore the neurodevelopmental pathways linking amblyopia and its comorbidities.
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