ArticleNeurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology2026
Functional ballistic movements.
Article in Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundBallism is characterized by random, continuous, large amplitude, proximal, involuntary movement. It usually involves one side of the body (hemiballism). Ballism is attributed to metabolic, vascular, autoimmune, traumatic, drug-induced, or iatrogenic causes.
objectivesTo determine the frequency and characteristics of functional ballism.
methodsAnalysis of consecutive patients with functional movement disorders (FMDs) and non-functional ballism.
resultsWe present 8 patients (5 females) with functional ballism and compared them with 149 patients with other FMDs. Patients with ballism showed greater severity with a higher score in the Simplified Functional Movement Disorders Rating Scale (S-FMDRS): 25.63 ± 10.25 vs. 12.44 ± 9.42 (P < 0.001). Patients with functional ballism had greater number of affected limbs, more common bilateral involvement, and lack of distal chorea compared with 9 patients with non-functional ballism.
conclusionFunctional ballism is an uncommon form of FMD with distinguishing features compared with non-functional ballism.
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