ArticleDrug and alcohol review2026
Cannabis Marketing Restrictions and Exposure to Cannabis Marketing in Legal US Cannabis Markets: Findings From the International Cannabis Policy Study.
Article in Drug and alcohol review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cannabis Marketing Restrictions and Exposure to Cannabis Marketing in Legal US Cannabis Markets: Findings From the International Cannabis Policy Study.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Cannabis Use Disorder in the Era of Legalization: Implications for Addiction Treatment Systems.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionA growing number of US states have legalised adult 'recreational' cannabis. Restrictions on advertising and promotions are a key component of cannabis regulations in legal markets; however, there is little evidence on the impact of restrictions. This study examines differences in cannabis marketing exposure by the strength of marketing restrictions among US states with legal recreational sales.
methodsData are from the International Cannabis Policy Study: repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted annually (2018-2023) with 99,132 respondents aged 16-65. The 'strength' of marketing restrictions was measured using regulatory documents in 20 states with legal recreational cannabis sales. Adjusted mixed effects logistic regression models were fitted to analyse differences in past-12 month noticing of cannabis marketing by the strength of marketing restrictions overall and within specific marketing channels.
resultsPeople in states with low and moderate strength marketing restrictions reported similar exposure to cannabis marketing (61.4% and 61.8%, respectively). Compared to those with moderate strength restrictions, people in states with the highest strength restrictions reported the lowest exposure (53.4%: p = 0.037), with no significant differences for states with low strength restrictions (p = 0.067). Comprehensive restrictions on marketing via billboards and posters, and at sports events were associated with reductions in reported exposure to these channels. Cannabis marketing exposure was highest among people below the minimum legal age (16-20 years old; 63.0%: p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND
conclusionsStronger regulations may reduce exposure to marketing in states with recreational cannabis markets; however, existing regulations appear to be inadequate to prevent advertising and promotions from reaching young people.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.