Nonextensive Statistics in Nanoscopic Quantum Dots.

Nanoscopic quantum dots exhibit discrete energy spectra and size- and shape-dependent thermal properties that cannot always be adequately described within the conventional Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical framework. In systems with strong confinement, finite size, and reduced symmetry, deviations from extensivity may emerge, affecting the occupation of energy levels and the resulting thermodynamic response. In this context, this work elucidates how GaAs quantum dot geometry, external electric fields, and nonextensive statistical effects jointly influence the thermal response of quantum dots with different geometries-cubic, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, and pyramidal. These energy levels are calculated by solving the Schrödinger equation under the effective mass approximation, employing the finite element method for numerical computation. These energy levels are then incorporated into an iterative numerical procedure to calculate the specific heat for different values of the nonextensivity parameter, thereby enabling exploration of both extensive (Boltzmann-Gibbs) and nonextensive regimes. The results demonstrate that the shape of the quantum dots strongly influences the energy spectrum and, consequently, the thermal properties, producing distinctive features such as Schottky-type anomalies and geometry-dependent shifts under an external electric field. In subextensive regimes, a discrete behavior in the specific heat emerges due to natural cutoffs in the accessible energy states. In contrast, in superextensive regimes, a smooth, saturation-like behavior is observed. These findings highlight the importance of geometry, external-field effects, and nonextensive statistics as complementary tools for tailoring the energy distribution and thermal response in nanoscopic quantum systems.