Macro- and Micro-Level Behavioral Patterns in Simulation-Based Scientific Inquiry: Linking Processes to Performance Among Elementary Students.

Scientific inquiry is fundamental to science education, encompassing the processes through which students construct scientific knowledge and develop thinking skills. However, the unfolding of these inquiry processes and their relation to performance remain underexplored. Drawing on process data from a structured simulation-based assessment task, this study investigated the inquiry processes of 259 fourth-grade students. We applied a multi-analytic approach including sequential pattern mining, entropy analysis, and process mining to capture macro- and micro-level behavioral patterns and examine their associations with task performance operationalized by effectiveness and efficiency. Macro-level analyses revealed that effective students generally organized their inquiry processes into more iterative cycles of evidence collection, demonstrating a more dedicated approach before committing to a final response. Micro-level analyses further indicated that effective and efficient students showed better strategic coordination during experimentation. Together, these findings provide a multi-level characterization of elementary students' scientific inquiry processes and link inquiry patterns to task effectiveness and efficiency. The study also underscores the potential of process data from simulation-based assessments for diagnosing inquiry skills and informing the design of personalized scaffolds in elementary science education.