Experimental Performances of Titanium Redox Electrodes as the Substitutes for the Ruthenium-Iridium Coated Electrodes Used in the Reverse Electrodialysis Cells for Hydrogen Production.

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) enables the efficient conversion of the chemical potential difference between seawater and freshwater into electricity while simultaneously facilitating hydrogen production for integrated energy utilization. Nevertheless, the widespread deployment of RED remains constrained by the reliance on ruthenium-iridium-coated electrodes, which are expensive and resource-limited. This study proposes the adoption of titanium-based redox electrodes as a replacement for traditional precious metal electrodes and employs a novel spike structure to accelerate hydrogen bubble detachment. The electrochemical performance of titanium electrodes in an RED hydrogen production system was systematically evaluated experimentally. The influences of several parameters on the RED system performance were systematically examined under these operating conditions, including the ruthenium-iridium catalytic layer, operating temperature (15 to 45 °C), electrode rinse solution (ERS) concentration (0.1 to 0.7 M), and flow rate (50 to 130 mL·min