Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41590538›Full record

ReviewJournal of personalized medicine2026

Hypoglycaemia and Cardiac Arrhythmias in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mechanistic Review.

Kyriaki Mavromoustakou, Christos Fragoulis, Kyriaki Cholidou, Zoi Sotiropoulou, Nektarios Anagnostopoulos, Ioannis Gastouniotis, Stavroula-Panagiota Lontou, Kyriakos Dimitriadis, Anastasia Thanopoulou, Christina Chrysohoou and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of personalized medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Kyriaki MavromoustakouFirst Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11527 Athens, Greece.
Christos FragoulisFirst Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11527 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-5598-9950
Kyriaki Cholidou1st Respiratory Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Chest Diseases Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0003-4698-2030
Zoi Sotiropoulou1st Respiratory Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Chest Diseases Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.
Nektarios Anagnostopoulos1st Respiratory Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Chest Diseases Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0003-4925-2332
Ioannis GastouniotisDiabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-6683-6714
Stavroula-Panagiota LontouFirst Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.
Kyriakos DimitriadisFirst Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11527 Athens, Greece.
Anastasia ThanopoulouDiabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-2902-8053
Christina ChrysohoouFirst Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11527 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-6340-3996
Konstantinos TsioufisFirst Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11527 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-7636-6725

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains a major clinical burden and, beyond its metabolic complications, can cause serious cardiac arrhythmias. Multiple mechanisms lead to different types of arrhythmias during hypoglycaemia. However, existing studies often involve mixed diabetes populations, small cohorts, or limited monitoring during nocturnal periods, leaving a critical gap in understanding the links between glucose fluctuations and arrhythmic events. This review provides an updated combination of experimental and clinical evidence describing how autonomic dysfunction and ionic imbalances lead to electrophysiological instability and structural remodelling of the myocardium during hypoglycaemia. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) combined with electrocardiographic or wearable rhythm tracking may enable early detection of glycemic and cardiac disturbances and help identify high-risk individuals. Future prospective studies using combined CGM-ECG monitoring, particularly during sleep, are essential to clarify the relationship between hypoglycaemia and arrhythmic events.

Indexed as

atrial fibrillationautonomic dysfunctioncardiac arrhythmiacontinuous glucose monitoringdead-in-bed syndromehypoglycaemiaimpaired awareness of hypoglycaemiaQTc prolongationtype 1 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID41590538
PMCPMC12842625

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.