Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41589604›Full record

ArticleJournal of applied clinical medical physics2026

Commissioning of a Monte Carlo-based scanning proton beam for breast cancer: Incorporating LETd calculations and variable RBE models.

Zhen Cao, Qing Zhang, Jingfang Zhao

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of applied clinical medical physics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Zhen CaoDepartment of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
Qing ZhangDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
Jingfang ZhaoDepartment of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Funding

Shanghai Directed Projects in the Biomedical Field Sponsored by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality 22DX1900200
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUsing a constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE = 1.1) in proton therapy may underestimate the RBE-weighted dose in high linear energy transfer (LET) regions at the distal end of the beam, thereby limiting the ability to accurately predict clinical outcomes. PURPOSE: To commission and validate a Monte Carlo (MC) model incorporating variable RBE for breast cancer proton therapy, enabling improved RBE-weighted dose calculation.

methodsA FLUKA-based MC model of a raster scanning proton beamline was commissioned and benchmarked against the clinically employed treatment planning system (TPS) (Siemens Syngo) and physical measurements. Dose-averaged LET (LET

resultsThe FLUKA-MC model showed good agreement with both the TPS results and the measured data, exhibiting proton range deviations within ±0.1 mm. The γ pass rates for the four patients are 94.0%, 92.2%, 92.6%, and 86.7%, respectively. LET

conclusionsThe commissioned MC framework demonstrated the feasibility of integrating multiple variable RBE models for RBE-weighted dose estimation in proton therapy.

Indexed as

Breast NeoplasmsLinear Energy TransferMonte Carlo MethodPhantoms, ImagingProton TherapyRadiotherapy Planning, Computer-AssistedRelative Biological EffectivenessFemaleHumansOrgans at RiskRadiotherapy DosageRadiotherapy, Intensity-Modulatedbreast cancerdose‐averaged LETMonte Carloproton therapyvariable RBE model

Identifiers

PMID41589604
PMCPMC12836373

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.