ArticleCureus2025
Three-Dimensional Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy as the New Microsurgical Technique: Safety, Efficiency, and Outcomes.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Background Varicocele is a prevalent and potentially correctable cause of male infertility. Surgical intervention is recommended in men with varicocele and abnormal semen parameters. Although three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopy has been widely adopted in urologic surgery, its role in varicocelectomy remains insufficiently investigated. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficiency, and outcomes of 3D laparoscopic varicocelectomy in a cohort of patients with ultrasound-confirmed varicocele, and to explore whether this approach can serve as a valid alternative to microsurgical varicocelectomy. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed 34 consecutive patients who underwent 3D laparoscopic varicocelectomy using a standardized approach emphasizing precise anatomical dissection. No adjunctive Doppler or vital dyes were used. Key outcomes included operative time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, recurrence rate, pain scores, patient satisfaction, and semen parameters at six months. Results The mean operative time was 22.3 minutes, significantly shorter than reported averages in conventional laparoscopic or microsurgical series. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were recorded, including hydrocele (0%) or testicular atrophy (0%). There was one (1.85%) case of recurrence of varicocele. Postoperative pain was minimal, with a mean visual analog scale (VAS) score of 1.2/10 at 24 hours, and no patients required opioids beyond the first postoperative day. Overall, patient satisfaction was high: 94.1% rated their experience as "very good" or "excellent" at the six-week follow-up. Semen parameters improved significantly: mean sperm concentration increased from 15.1 ×10⁶/mL to 34.3 ×10⁶/mL, and progressive motility from 28.4% to 44.9% (p < 0.01). Conclusion Three-dimensional laparoscopic varicocelectomy demonstrates excellent safety, minimal discomfort, high patient satisfaction, and strong functional outcomes. With the advantages of shorter operative time and a low complication rate, it may represent a viable modern alternative to microsurgical varicocelectomy in expert centres.
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