ArticleBioresources and bioprocessing2026
Processing-induced changes in neuroprotective components and mechanisms of gardeniae fructus: integrating UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, network pharmacology, and in vitro analysis.
Article in Bioresources and bioprocessing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveGardeniae Fructus (GF), the dried fruit of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, has been used in East Asian medicine for centuries. Its carbonized form, Gardeniae Fructus Carbonisatus (GFC), is produced through processing, yet the effects of this transformation on active constituents and neuroprotective mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the key compositional changes induced by processing and explore their relevance to neuroprotective activity.
methodsAfter obtaining GF and GFC extracts via CO₂ supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was employed for qualitative analysis of differential compounds. A pathology-specific network pharmacology screening approach, combined with UPLC-UV-DAD, was applied to quantify major bioactive differential components. Finally, in vitro models and molecular pharmacology techniques were utilized to validate the neuroprotective effects of key compounds.
resultsWe identified 23 differential compounds and quantified 10 key bioactive constituents. Integrated network pharmacology and quantitative analysis implicated neuroinflammation and ferroptosis in GF's neuroprotection, with geniposide and crocetin as pivotal compounds. Mechanistic studies confirmed roles for TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways.
conclusionGeniposide and Crocetin were identified as key compounds responsible for the neuroprotective effects of GF and GFC, primarily through the inhibition of neuroinflammation and ferroptosis. Crocetin is highlighted as a potential marker for GFC.
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