Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41587330›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

Csaba Hefler, Ying Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Xiaoting Zheng, Thomas G Kaye, Maxime Grosmougin, Matthieu Chotard, Luke Barlow, Huihe Qiu, T Alexander Dececchi and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Csaba HeflerSchool of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China.ORCID 0000-0003-3734-6470
Ying WangSchool of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
Xiaoli WangShandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, Shandong 273300, China.
Xiaoting ZhengShandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, Shandong 273300, China.
Thomas G KayeFoundation for Scientific Advancement, Sierra Vista, AZ 85650.ORCID 0000-0001-7996-618X
Maxime GrosmouginSchool of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China.ORCID 0009-0009-5893-693X
Matthieu ChotardSchool of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China.ORCID 0009-0006-1127-4252
Luke BarlowSchool of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0867-649X
Huihe QiuSustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 511458, China.ORCID 0000-0002-2135-9771
T Alexander DececchiDepartment of Biology, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57069.ORCID 0000-0001-7972-3866
Michael B HabibDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
Wei ShyySustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 511458, China.ORCID 0000-0001-6670-5394
Michael PittmanSchool of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6149-3078

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42288201Research Grant Council General Research Fund (HK) 17105221 and 14116623School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong NATaishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province () Ts20190954
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Agile and efficient modern flyers like birds and insects rely on complex aerodynamics to increase performance such as leading edge vortices, tip vortices, rapid pitch rotations as well as wing-wake and wing-wing interactions. However, their evolutionary origins are poorly understood. Early birds and their closest relatives like

Indexed as

BirdsFlight, AnimalWings, AnimalAnimalsBiological EvolutionBiomechanical Phenomenaaerodynamicsflight evolutionMicroraptor flighttheropod flight

Identifiers

PMID41587330
PMCPMC12890880

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.