Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41587328›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

The Japanese Archipelago sheltered cave lions, not tigers, during the Late Pleistocene.

Xin Sun, Lanhui Peng, Takumi Tsutaya, Qigao Jiangzuo, Yoshikazu Hasegawa, Yuxin Hou, Yu Han, Yan Zhuang, Jazmin Ramos Madrigal, Alberto J Taurozzi and 8 more

Erratum issuedAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Xin Sun *The State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Lanhui Peng *The State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Takumi Tsutaya *Center for GeoGenetics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0001-5104-5223
Qigao JiangzuoKey Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.ORCID 0000-0003-4773-5349
Yoshikazu HasegawaIida City Museum, Iida, Nagano 395-0034, Japan.
Yuxin HouThe State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Yu HanThe State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Yan ZhuangThe State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Jazmin Ramos MadrigalCenter for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark.
Alberto J TaurozziCenter for GeoGenetics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0003-0378-1626
Meaghan MackieCenter for GeoGenetics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.
Gaudry TrochėCenter for GeoGenetics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.
Jesper V OlsenNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-4747-4938
Enrico CappelliniCenter for GeoGenetics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.
Stephen J O'BrienGuy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314.ORCID 0000-0001-7857-0757
M Thomas P GilbertCenter for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-5805-7195
Nobuyuki YamaguchiWildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3EL, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-6492-6588
Shu-Jin LuoThe State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.ORCID 0000-0003-3515-8070

Funding

Danish National Research Foundation Award DNRF143FOREST program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJFR233DMOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs) SQ2022YFF0802300Overseas Research Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 202170033
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Lions and tigers, as dominant apex predators, likely became competitors when lions expanded from Africa into Eurasia approximately one million years ago (Ma), forming a lion-tiger transition belt from the Middle East through Central Asia to the Russian Far East. At the easternmost edge of this zone, the Japanese Archipelago has long been considered a Late Pleistocene tiger refugium, supported by large felid subfossils traditionally attributed to tigers (

Indexed as

LionsTigersAnimalsBiological EvolutionCavesDNA, MitochondrialFossilsJapanPhylogenyRadiometric DatingDNA, Mitochondrialancient genomicscave lionJapanese Archipelagopaleoproteomictiger

Identifiers

PMID41587328
PMCPMC12890994

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.