Characterization of the different volatile organic compounds in human and ruminant milk using electronic nose analysis and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Zhongshi Zhu, Danni Li, Naseer Ahmad, Tingting Chu, Chen Niu, Lei Zhang, Yuxuan Song

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Article in Food chemistry: X, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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7 authors.

Zhongshi ZhuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Danni LiCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Naseer AhmadCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Tingting ChuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Chen NiuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Lei ZhangCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Yuxuan SongCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Funding

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6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To explore variations in the volatile components of milk originating from various species and to explain the material basis of their odor differences, electronic nose analysis coupled with headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) was employed to analyze the characteristics of human, sheep, goat, and cow milk. It was found that human milk exhibited larger response values to the broadrange and sulfur-chlor sensors, while sheep milk exhibited a large response value to the broad-methane sensor. The concentrations of dodecanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, and octanoic acid were significantly higher in human milk than in the sheep, cow, and goat milk. Moreover, it was deduced that a range of the detected volatile organic compounds were involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. These results allow identification of the different odor components related to human milk and other ruminant milk, providing a scientific basis for development of the dairy industry.

Indexed as

Electronic noseHeadspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometryMilkVolatile organic compound analysis

Identifiers

PMID41585554

DOI10.1016/j.fochx.2026.103536

PMCPMC12830282

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