ReviewClinical parkinsonism & related disorders2026
Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease - Global burden of disease research from 1990 to 2021 and future trend predictions.
Review in Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Lasker~Bloomberg Public Service Award to Michael J. Fox: The challenge of Parkinson's disease.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Fungal Melanins as Potential Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Neuroprotective Agents.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis-Driven Drug Repurposing with a Self-Nanoemulsifying Delivery System for Parkinson's Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Repair Manual of a Fruit Fly Brain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Structure-Based Identification of Allosteric Glucocerebrosidase Stabilizers fromPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- One world, one goal: Advocacy and policy for a unified Parkinson's response.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- The Versatile Roles of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Pathological Mechanism and Diagnostic Biomarkers to Therapeutic Application.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder, severely affects patients' quality of life. This study aims to update the assessment of PD's prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021. Analyses were conducted at Socio-demographic Index (SDI), global, regional, and national levels, stratified by gender and age. Methods: PD data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database was extracted. Trends in age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) of PD were assessed, and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated during the study period. Analyses were done by gender, age, GBD region, and SDI quintiles, using R statistical software for analyses and mapping. Results: In 2021, the global burden of PD remained substantial. The number of prevalent PD cases grew from 3,148,394.56 in 1990 to 11,767,271.97 in 2021 (a 2.74-fold increase). Incident cases rose from 417,134.69 to 1,335,142.12 (a 2.20-fold increase). Males exhibited higher prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates than females across almost all age groups. High-SDI regions had higher ASPR, ASIR, and ASDR values than low-SDI regions. Countries and regions in Asia, particularly China and Japan, exhibited among the highest ASPR and ASIR globally. Projections indicate global ASPR and ASIR will continue to rise substantially over the next three decades (to 2050), with males exhibiting a faster rate of increase than females, while the ASMR is predicted to remain essentially stable. Conclusion: This study systematically delineates the epidemiological landscape, temporal trends, and burden profiles of Parkinson's disease across global, regional, gender-stratified, and age-specific populations, providing an evidence-based framework to guide precision prevention strategies and optimize healthcare resource prioritization.
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