ReviewChinese herbal medicines2026
Advances in microbial biosynthesis of indirubin.
Review in Chinese herbal medicines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Potential heterogeneity of epcoritamab associated adverse events in demographics and dosing regimens.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Indirubin (IND), a bisindole alkaloid with remarkable pharmacological activities, has attracted significant attention in the pharmaceutical field due to its antileukemic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Currently, indirubin primarily relies on plant extraction and chemical synthesis, which are hindered by complex processes, low yields, and poor environmental compatibility. These challenges pose serious obstacles to clinical supply and sustainable industrial development. In recent years, microbial synthesis technology, which is based on synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, has provided a novel approach for the efficient production of indirubin. This method offers several advantages, including high efficiency, environmental sustainability, and eco-friendliness. Hence, this manuscript systematically summarizes the biosynthesis mechanisms of indirubin, the catalytic characteristics of key enzymes, the construction strategies of engineered bacteria, and the progress in fermentation condition. To address challenges such as the difficult separation of indirubin isomers, by-product inhibition, and industrialization bottlenecks, potential solutions are proposed, aiming to promote the green biomanufacturing of indirubin.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.