Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41583469›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025

Bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins in solid tumors: regulators of immune microenvironment and emerging therapeutic targets.

Deeksha Sharma, Grace G Bushnell, Alexander P Kalman, Chloe M Hutchens, Monika L Burness

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Deeksha SharmaRogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Grace G BushnellBiomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Alexander P KalmanRogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Chloe M HutchensRogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Monika L BurnessRogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.

Funding

Bone marrow niche regulation of disseminated tumor cell dormancy, reactivation, and metastasis.R00CA267261 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Grace Gilmore Bushnell · 2024 to 2026
$747k
Bone marrow niche regulation of disseminated tumor cell dormancy, reactivation, and metastasis.K99CA267261 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI BUSHNELL, GRACE GILMORE · 2022 to 2023
$223k
NCI NIH HHS K99 CA267261NCI NIH HHS R00 CA267261
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal domain (BET) proteins are key epigenetic readers that recognize and bind acetylated lysine residues on histones, orchestrating transcriptional programs that drive oncogenic processes. BET proteins regulate the expression of oncogenes involved in proliferation, survival, and differentiation, thereby promoting tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance across a wide range of solid tumors. Recent findings implicate BET proteins in maintaining cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of tumor cells characterized with self-renewal capacity, plasticity, and the ability to evade conventional therapies. In CSCs, BET proteins coordinate stemness-associated transcriptional networks, and drive tumor persistence, metastasis, and relapse following treatment. BET proteins also shape the tumor immune microenvironment by modulating the expression of key immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-L1, regulating cytokine production, and controlling antigen presentation, which collectively influence adaptive and innate immune responses. BET inhibition enhances T cell infiltration and activation while suppressing the immunosuppressive functions of tumor-associated macrophages. The dual role of BET proteins in controlling both stemness and immune regulation positions them as central regulators of tumor-intrinsic and immune-mediated mechanisms in cancer. This makes BET proteins attractive therapeutic targets, as their inhibition offers the potential to simultaneously suppress tumor growth and reprogram the immune microenvironment. Preclinical and early clinical studies demonstrate that combining BET inhibitors with chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or immune checkpoint blockade synergizes anti-tumor responses. Future research focused on understanding the context-specific functions of BET proteins, and optimizing combination strategies will be critical to fully harness their therapeutic potential in solid tumors.

Indexed as

NeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentAnimalsBromodomain Containing ProteinsHumansMolecular Targeted TherapyNeoplastic Stem CellsProteinsTumor-Associated Macrophagesbromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein, humanBromodomain Containing ProteinsProteinsB cellsBET inhibitors (BETi)bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins (BET proteins)NK cellsT cellstumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)

Identifiers

PMID41583469
PMCPMC12827656

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.