ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
From innate-like to innate: the next wave of off-the-shelf CAR immunotherapies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Barriers and Blueprints: Next-Generation Engineering Strategies for CAR-T Cell Therapy in Gastrointestinal Tumors.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived NK Cells as an Off-the-Shelf Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy: Opportunities, Challenges, and Clinical Translation.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- The trinity of T cell engagement: navigating the molecular and clinical landscape of CAR-T, TILs, and TCEs in the war against cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Breaking the resistance barrier: synergistic evolution of CAR-T cells and bispecific antibodies in the era of precision immuno-oncology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While autologous CAR T-cell therapies have revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, their widespread application is hindered by manufacturing complexities, high costs, and limited efficacy against solid tumors due to antigen heterogeneity and the TME. Moreover, the logistical burden of bespoke patient-specific manufacturing restricts global scalability. In response, the immunotherapy landscape is pivoting toward "off-the-shelf" allogeneic therapies derived from innate and innate-like effectors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of four emerging platforms: CAR-NK cells, CAR-NKT cells, γδ T cells, and CAR-M. Unlike conventional αβ T cells, these lineages utilize MHC-independent mechanisms to recognize stress-induced ligands or lipid antigens, inherently minimizing the risk of GvHD while enabling standardized, batched manufacturing. We critically examine the diverse manufacturing paradigms, contrasting the scalability of iPSC-derived sources with the accessibility of umbilical cord blood products. Furthermore, we detail advanced engineering strategies designed to overcome the lineage-specific limitations revealed by early trials-specifically, "armoring" constructs with IL-15 to boost
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.