ArticleNature astronomy2026
Europa's ice thickness and subsurface structure characterized by the Juno microwave radiometer.
Article in Nature astronomy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Ammonia as a parameter shaping habitability on icy moons.FEMS microbes · 2026Review
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12 authors.
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Abstract
Jupiter's moon Europa is thought to harbour a saltwater ocean beneath a variously disrupted ice shell, and it is, thus, one of the highest priority astrobiology targets in the Solar System. Estimates of the ice-shell thickness range from 3 km to over 30 km, and observations by the Galileo spacecraft indicated widespread regions of ice disruption (chaotic terrain) leading to speculation that the ice shell may contain subsurface cracks, faults, pores or bubbles. If persistent, subsurface cracks could provide pathways for habitability by facilitating the transport of oxygen and nutrients between the surface and the ocean. Here we report on observations of Europa's subsurface ice shell obtained by the Juno microwave radiometer in 2022. For the idealized case of pure water ice, the data are consistent with the existence of a thermally conductive ice shell with a thickness of 29 ± 10 km and with the presence of cracks, pores or other scatterers extending to depths of hundreds of metres below the surface with a characteristic size smaller than a few centimetres in radius. An ice-shell salinity of 15 mg kg
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