Memantine Use in Prolonged Cognitive Sequalae in Pediatric Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Three-year Follow-up Case Report and Brief Review.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDAR encephalitis) is an autoimmune encephalopathy increasingly recognized in the pediatric population. Although conventional immunotherapy-focused treatments have significantly improved outcomes, a substantial proportion of patients experience enduring neuropsychiatric and cognitive sequelae. Here, we present a three-year longitudinal follow-up report of a female case with confirmed anti-NMDAR encephalitis, focusing on the neuropsychiatric trajectory and cognitive sequelae management with memantine. A previously healthy 10-year-old girl presented with acute-onset psychotic, affective and cataplexy-like features, primarily such as severe irritability and dysphoria, mixed-type mood fluctuation, affective lability, disorganized speaking and thinking, mutism, visual hallucinations, cognitive regression, dysgraphia, and impulsive behavioral dysregulation. The patient received immunotherapy including intravenous methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab, as well as concurrent psychotropics, including valproate and olanzapine/aripiprazole. Despite psychiatric improvement in 6 months, she showed persistent deficits in memory, executive function, and impulse control, even after 18th month of conventional therapies. Despite appropriate immunotherapy and psychotropic treatments, exhibited persistent deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning (dysfunction in language and learning), without any severe adverse events. Memantine, a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist with documented neuroprotective properties, was initiated during the chronic phase as complementary to psychotropic medications. While 20 mg/day dose of memantine was administering during 6 months, marked improvement was observed in her verbal fluency, academic functioning, and social engagement, that may be associated with post-acute initiation of memantine alongside conventional treatments. This case highlights the evolving understanding of post-autoimmune cognitive rehabilitation and discusses current evidence and theoretical rationale supporting memantine use in complementary treatment of prolonged cognitive dysfunction in the pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis.