ArticleEndocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets2026
Analysis of the Correlation between Prognostic Nutritional Index and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes.
Article in Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionThis study aimed to investigate the correlation between Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with diabetes.
methodsIn this cross-sectional NHANES study, 3,318 diabetic patients aged ≥40 years were analyzed. PNI was calculated as: serum albumin (g/L) + 5 × lymphocyte count (109/L). Statistical analyses incorporated complex sampling survey design methods. Associations between DR and PNI were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, with restricted cubic splines detecting potential non-linearity. Subgroup analyses examined population-specific effects.
resultsAmong the participants, 679 (18%) had DR. Patients with DR exhibited significantly lower PNI (50.46 ± 5.35) than those without DR (52.26 ± 6.07, P < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates- including age, sex, race, education, BMI, smoking status, hypertension, coronary heart disease, anemia, and blood glucose management-PNI remained inversely associated with DR risk (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.98, P < 0.01). Restricted cubic spline analysis confirmed a non-linear relationship between PNI and DR (P = 0.01). Subgroup analyses showed significant inverse associations in patients aged 40-59 (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.98, P = 0.01) and 60-79 (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89-0.96, P < 0.01), in overweight (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98, P < 0.01) and obese individuals (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89-0.96, P < 0.01), and in those using no medication (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.90-0.99, P = 0.02) or oral hypoglycemic agents (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.00, P = 0.04). The inverse association was not significant in patients with anemia or coronary heart disease (all quartiles P > 0.05). DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates a significant non-linear inverse association between PNI and DR risk, particularly among adults aged 40-79 years and overweight/obese individuals, while the relationship was attenuated in those with anemia or coronary heart disease. As a composite nutritional- inflammatory marker, PNI may reflect overall health status in diabetic patients.
conclusionPNI shows potential as a simple biomarker for DR risk stratification. Prospective validation is needed before clinical application.
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