ArticleLung2026
Sputum from Individuals with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Drives M2-like Macrophage Polarization.
Article in Lung, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
introductionPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, congenital condition in which impaired ciliary function leads to bronchiectasis and progressive lung function decline. Bronchiectasis development is believed to involve infection and inflammation but is incompletely understood. Macrophages play a central role in cellular immune response, contributing to both pathogen clearance and immunoregulation. Depending on local stimuli, macrophages are polarized towards pro-inflammatory (M1) or pro-resolution/phagocytic (M2) phenotypes. This study aims to investigate the effects of PCD sputum on macrophage polarization.
methodsSputum from 27 individuals with PCD and seven healthy controls were used to stimulate healthy monocyte-derived macrophages. Macrophage polarization was determined by surface markers, phagocytic ability and cytokine production using flow cytometry and immunoassays.
resultsMacrophages stimulated with PCD sputum exhibited enhanced phagocytosis (MFI 194268 vs. 58235, p = 0.0002), increased expression of M2-associated surface markers CD163, CD206 and CD16, and reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (10.38 vs. 113.22 pg/ml, p = 0.0013) and IL-1β (0.75 vs. 3.60 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Concurrently, expressions of M1-associated surface markers CD40 and CD80 were reduced.
conclusionPCD sputum induced a phagocytosis prone, M2-like phenotype in healthy macrophages.
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