ArticleJournal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences2026
Troxipide nanosuspensions prevent indomethacin‑induced gastrointestinal lesions in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats.
Article in Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for managing inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, their long-term use is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) complications, often leading to RA treatment discontinuation. To address this issue, we developed an oral formulation of troxipide (TRO), a pharmaceutical agent with gastroprotective properties, using nanosuspension technology to enhance its GI absorption and therapeutic efficacy.
methodsThe TRO nanosuspensions (TRO-NP@dis) were prepared by bead milling with methylcellulose (MC) as a stabilizing agent, yielding particles with an average diameter of 148 nm. An adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rat model, characterized by heightened susceptibility to NSAID-induced GI injury, was employed to assess pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy.
resultsTRO-NP@dis showed improved dispersibility relative to conventional microparticle dispersions (TRO-MP@dis). Although the viscosities and zeta potentials of TRO-MP@dis and TRO-NP@dis were comparable, the solubility of TRO-NP@dis was markedly higher. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed enhanced retention of TRO in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum following oral administration of TRO-NP@dis compared with TRO-MP@dis. Indomethacin (IND) administration (40 mg/kg) significantly increased the mucosal lesion area in AA rats compared to that in controls. However, the co-administration of TRO-NP@dis significantly reduced the lesion areas in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum compared to those in vehicle-treated AA rats, indicating notable protective effects. These findings suggested that TRO-NP@dis confers enhanced mucosal adhesion and retention, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with IND-induced GI injury.
conclusionsThis nanosuspension-based delivery system represents a promising approach for mitigating NSAID-related GI complications in patients with RA by increasing local drug concentrations and reducing mucosal damage.
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