Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41580677›Full record

ArticleBMC veterinary research2026

Antibody responses to equine parapoxvirus reveal a re-emerging pattern.

Jenni Pettersson, Lev Levanov, Sanna Tervo, Katja Hautala, Kirsi Aaltonen, Mira Utriainen, Lauri Kareinen, Tuija Gadd, Tarja Sironen, Olli Vapalahti and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC veterinary research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Jenni PetterssonDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. jenni.pettersson@helsinki.fi.
Lev LevanovDepartment of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
Sanna TervoDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Katja HautalaDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Kirsi AaltonenDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Mira UtriainenDepartment of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
Lauri KareinenDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Tuija GaddFinnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Tarja SironenDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Olli VapalahtiDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Paula M KinnunenDepartment of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundParapoxviruses (PPV) cause skin and mucous membrane signs to several animal species and humans worldwide. Equine parapoxvirus (EqPPV) was first detected in a sick horse in Finland in 2013. It is potentially zoonotic, and a similar virus has been detected in humans in the USA. In winter 2021–2022, EqPPV caused a large-scale pastern dermatitis epidemic in racehorses all over Finland. Field reports suggest that similar epidemics of unverified cause have also occurred in 2015 and 2019. The aim of this study was to develop a serological test and study the immune response, seroprevalence, and history of the virus utilizing serum samples from clinical cases and archived horse samples (2012–2022).

resultsA recombinant protein-based immunofluorescent assay was established using envelope proteins B2L and F1L. EqPPV induced a fast immune response within a few days from the onset of the clinical signs. Two horses that were additionally tested a year after the disease still had similar IgG titers as a year prior. Seroprevalence peaks coincided with reported outbreaks in 2015 and 2022 (yearly variation: 1.8–14.6% [B2L] and 3.6–16.7% [F1L]).

conclusionsThe results suggest that EqPPV is a re-emerging pathogen that has a potential to cause large epidemics, bringing a need for more studies and preparedness.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralHorse DiseasesParapoxvirusPoxviridae InfectionsAnimalsFinlandHorsesSeroepidemiologic StudiesAntibodies, ViralEqPPVImmunofluorescence assayParapoxvirusesSerologyWestern blot

Identifiers

PMID41580677
PMCPMC12911042

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.