Water quality index prediction via a robust machine learning model using oxygen-related indices for river water quality monitoring.

Rivers face increasing pollution, requiring accurate water quality assessment tools. Existing indices like the Water Quality Index (WQI) often overlook the integration of oxygen-related parameters critical to aquatic health. Here, we develop a machine learning model using Support Vector Regression (SVR) to predict the Water Quality Index (WQIOIs) by integrating key oxygen-related parameters, including Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and the reaeration coefficients (K1, K2). Applied to three rivers in Iran, the model demonstrated high accuracy, with a cross-validated R² > 0.95 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.92 for the Haraz River and 1.41 for the Simineh River. Predictions showed strong correlation (r = 0.98) with standard indices, and feature importance analysis revealed DO as the most influential parameter. The model’s generalizability was confirmed through validation on independent river datasets, highlighting its robustness across diverse hydrological conditions. This approach offers a scalable, interpretable framework for continuous water quality monitoring, enabling more precise and data-driven management of aquatic ecosystems, particularly in regions with varying environmental factors.