ArticleJournal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society2026
Fenofibrate microemulsion eyedrops for treating nitrogen mustard induced corneal injury.
Article in Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- BRD4 inhibition mitigates acute and chronic corneal injury following topical nitrogen mustard exposure.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Ferroptosis: A Novel Mechanism in Diabetic Keratopathy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Fenofibrate in ophthalmology: therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Vesicants are highly toxic chemicals used as warfare agents, primarily absorbed through the skin, inhalation, or ocular surface. Nitrogen mustard (NM), a potent vesicant, often leads to blindness due to the inadequacies of existing therapies. This study explores the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) in NM-induced ocular injury and evaluates the efficacy of fenofibrate (Feno), a PPARα agonist, in preventing corneal injury progression. Feno, an FDA-approved oral medication used to treat dyslipidemia, has shown off-labelled potential in promoting corneal wound healing. However, its limited ocular distribution following oral administration reduces its therapeutic efficacy. We developed Feno-loaded oil-in-water microemulsion (Feno ME) eyedrop formulations to enhance aqueous solubility and ocular bioavailability of Feno, aiming to improve the therapeutic efficacy in treating NM-induced corneal injury. Feno ME exhibited a mean droplet size of approximately 20 nm, remained physically stable for at least twelve months, showed prolonged ocular retention, and demonstrated well-accepted rheological properties without inducing ocular irritation or toxicity. Furthermore, Feno ME demonstrated sustained drug levels in ocular tissues with minimal systemic absorption. A 14-day treatment with 0.5% Feno ME (3×/day) significantly reduced corneal-ulceration, neovascularization (NV), and opacity in NM-induced ocular injury in rats. Histopathological analysis confirmed preserved corneal integrity and reduced inflammation. Immunohistochemistry revealed that NM injury significantly reduced PPARα levels in the corneal epithelium, which was restored with Feno ME eyedrop treatment, suggesting PPARα as a promising drug target for NM-induced corneal injury. Our Feno ME eyedrop formulation represents an effective topical delivery platform that effectively mitigates NM-induced corneal injury and offers a novel therapeutic strategy for vesicant exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.