ArticleDiscover oncology2026
Clinical risk prediction in lung adenocarcinoma using MAL gene and tumor microenvironment features.
Article in Discover oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in the progression and treatment response of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study established a TME-derived prognostic signature and investigated the role of MAL.
methodsLUAD data from TCGA and GEO were utilized to identify molecular subtypes through NMF clustering of TME-related genes. A six-gene prognostic signature (MAL, PLEK2, GPI, VGLL3, LPGAT1, CTLA4) was developed using Cox regression, followed by internal and external validation. MAL’s biological functions were examined in vitro via siRNA-mediated knockdown in A549 cells.
resultsNMF clustering of TME-related genes revealed two distinct subtypes (C1 and C2) with significant differences in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The six-gene prognostic signature was constructed, and patients in the high-risk group exhibited significantly worse OS in both the TCGA cohort (P < 0.001) and the external validation cohort (P < 0.001). The risk score emerged as an independent prognostic factor, inversely correlating with CD8 + T cell infiltration and tumor mutation burden (TMB). Functional assays demonstrated that MAL knockdown enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, and PD-L1 expression in LUAD cells, suggesting its potential role as a tumor suppressor. Clinically, reduced MAL expression correlated with poorer survival, decreased CD8 + T cell infiltration, and more advanced disease.
conclusionThis study presents a robust TME-based six-gene prognostic model for LUAD risk stratification. MAL was identified as a key tumor suppressor that inhibits malignancy and modulates the immune microenvironment through PD-L1 regulation. These findings provide valuable prognostic insights and position MAL as a potential therapeutic target in LUAD.
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