Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41579326›Full record

ArticleChild psychiatry and human development2026

Beyond the Tics: Experiences of Stigma and Psychosocial Impact in Tourette Syndrome.

Jaclyn M Martindale, Leah Chapman, Andrew Jack Carson, Kandice Reilly, Melina Malli, Eric A Storch, John Salsman, Stephanie Daniel

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Child psychiatry and human development, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05696769 (Measuring Stigmatization in Chronic Tic Disorders), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05696769 completednot on this map

Measuring Stigmatization in Chronic Tic Disorders: Development and Validation of the Tourette Discrimination-Stigmatization (TD-STIGMA) Scale

TypeobservationalSponsorWake Forest University Health SciencesRan2023 to 2024Enrolled43ConditionsTourette Syndrome, Tourette Syndrome in Children, Tourette Syndrome in Adolescence, Tic Disorder, Childhood
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Jaclyn M MartindaleDepartment of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. jaclyn.martindale@wfusm.edu.
Leah ChapmanDepartment of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Andrew Jack CarsonWake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Kandice ReillyDepartment of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Melina MalliInstitute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eric A StorchMenninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
John SalsmanDepartment of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Stephanie DanielDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Persistent tic disorders (PTD), including Tourette Syndrome (TS), impact individuals' lives well beyond motor and vocal tics, affecting self-beliefs, relationships, and daily functioning. This qualitative study examined stigma and discrimination experienced by youth and adults with TS, their caregivers, and healthcare providers through in-depth interviews with 35 participants. Thematic analysis revealed four major themes: limited resources and funding, widespread misconceptions and stereotypes, negative experiences shaping self-perceptions and behaviors, and the importance of supportive environments in fostering resilience. Participants reported that widespread misunderstanding and exclusion led to significant psychosocial challenges, which were often more disruptive than the tics themselves. The findings highlight the need for clinical and behavioral interventions that address broader psychosocial issues, not just symptom management. Future research should explore resilience and protective factors that may help buffer against adverse experiences and improve psychosocial outcomes. This study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05696769) and the Open Science Framework https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EX52G .

Indexed as

Lived experiencePsychosocial impactQualitative researchSocial stigmaTic disordersTourette Syndrome

Identifiers

PMID41579326

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.