Observational studyBMJ open2026
Risk of developing pneumococcal disease in individuals under 19 years of age with chronic medical conditions: a retrospective cohort study using a Japanese insurance claims database.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk of migraine in patients with allergic rhinitis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo evaluate the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and non-bacteraemic pneumonia (NBP)/acute otitis media (AOM)/sinusitis in Japanese individuals under 19 years of age with chronic medical conditions (CMCs) compared with those without.
designAn observational, retrospective, cohort study.
settingA large, longitudinal health insurance claims database in Japan (JMDC database).
participantsA total of 12.3 million individuals aged <19 years identified between 2006 and 2022 were included in the analysis. Seventeen CMCs as well as IPD and NBP/AOM/sinusitis were identified using diagnostic codes from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems V.10. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for IPD and NBP/AOM/sinusitis for individuals with CMCs versus those without CMCs were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression models with age and sex as covariates.
resultsThe incidence rate of IPD was higher in individuals with a CMC (0.9 (95% CI: 0.8 to 0.9)) than in those without (0.1 (95% CI: 0.1 to 0.1)). A similar trend was observed for the incidence rate of NBP/AOM/sinusitis, with rates of 928.7 (95% CI: 927.4 to 929.9) in individuals with a CMC compared with 433.2 (95% CI: 432.8 to 433.7) in those without. The risk of IPD increases with the number of CMCs. The IRRs for IPD for those with one CMC and with two or more CMCs were 7.2 (95% CI: 6.4 to 8.1) and 128.1 (95% CI: 114.8 to 143.0), respectively, compared with individuals without a CMC. The IRRs for IPD in the immunocompromised and immunocompetent groups were 156.1 (95% CI: 133.4 to 182.7) and 16.3 (95% CI: 14.6 to 18.1), respectively. The IRRs for NBP/AOM/sinusitis were 1.9 (95% CI: 1.9 to 1.9) and 2.1 (95% CI: 2.1 to 2.2) for individuals with one CMC and with two or more CMCs, respectively.
conclusionIndividuals aged <19 years with CMC are at higher risk of developing IPD and NBP/AOM/sinusitis, compared with those without. Our findings suggest the importance of vaccination against pneumococcal diseases in paediatric populations with CMCs.
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