ArticleClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2026
Survival of lung cancer patients with central nervous system metastases: from clinical trials to mouse models.
Article in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCentral nervous system (CNS) metastasis is common in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is associated with poor prognosis. Evidence guiding optimal clinical management remains limited, and comprehensive studies on animal models that recapitulate different CNS metastatic patterns are lacking.
methodsA total of 316 NSCLC patients with CNS metastases were retrospectively enrolled between May 2019 and February 2024. Patients were categorized into four groups: brain metastases only (BM, n = 145), leptomeningeal metastases only (LM, n = 43), concurrent brain and leptomeningeal metastases (BM+LM, n = 62), and brain metastases preceding leptomeningeal metastases (BM-LM, n = 66). Overall survival was analyzed using survival curves. To explore the distinct biological processes underlying BM and LM, mouse models of brain metastasis were established using tail vein, internal carotid artery, and left ventricular injection methods.
resultsSurvival analysis demonstrated that patients with LM had significantly shorter overall survival compared with those with BM alone (P < 0.05). Patients with concurrent BM and LM also exhibited poorer overall survival than those in whom BM preceded LM (P < 0.01). In animal experiments, brain metastasis developed in one of five mice following tail vein injection, one of five following internal carotid artery injection, and two of five following left ventricular injection, indicating the highest success rate with the latter approach. None of the animal models successfully reproduced the sequential progression from brain metastasis to leptomeningeal metastasis.
conclusionLeptomeningeal involvement in NSCLC is associated with significantly worse survival outcomes compared with brain metastasis alone. Although several injection strategies can generate brain metastasis in mice, current models fail to simulate the transition from brain metastasis to leptomeningeal metastasis, highlighting the need for improved and more representative animal models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41575665What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.