ReviewImmunological reviews2026
The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex-Specific Systemic Signatures in Parkinson's Disease: Integrated Biochemical and Metabolomic Evidence.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Unveiling the role of sex as a predictor for KPC-Klebsiella pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in critically Ill colonized patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There are sex differences with immune responses where females exhibit stronger immune responses compared to males. Both sex hormones and sex chromosome differences between males and females contribute to the observed sex differences with innate and adaptive immune cell composition and function. Here, we present recent findings investigating sex differences with immune cells and responses, highlighting contributions from sex hormones or X-linked genes. We also review the epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms that form the inactive X chromosome (Xi), known as X-Chromosome Inactivation (XCI), the heterochromatic nature of the Xi that allows for selective gene reactivation, and recent work investigating the mechanisms of XCI maintenance in female immune cells. We also highlight some dosage-sensitive X-linked genes involved in female-biased autoimmune disease, discuss sex differences with immune signaling pathways, and sex differences with viral infections and vaccine responses with the ultimate goal to leverage these insights for the development of sex-specific therapeutic interventions for immune-related diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.