Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41574044›Full record

ArticleEuropean heart journal. Digital health2026

Effectiveness of fully immersive virtual reality-based simulation training on objective knowledge acquisition in acute coronary syndrome/ST-elevation myocardial infarction emergency management: a pre-post-intervention study.

Jonas Einloft, Philipp Russ, Simon Bedenbender, Hendrik L Meyer, Muriel L Morgenschweis, Andre Ganser, Andreas Jerrentrup, Martin C Hirsch, Ivica Grgic

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In one paragraph

Article in European heart journal. Digital health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jonas EinloftDepartment of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Philipp RussDepartment of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Simon BedenbenderDepartment of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1839-4947
Hendrik L MeyerDepartment of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Muriel L MorgenschweisDepartment of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Andre GanserDepartment of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Andreas JerrentrupDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Martin C HirschInstitute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
Ivica GrgicDepartment of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg University, Baldingerstraße, Marburg 35043, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9017-1804

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aims: Effective management of emergencies, particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS), demands rapid, guideline-based interventions to optimize outcomes. However, many medical students and young professionals report feeling unprepared due to limited hands-on experience. Virtual reality (VR) presents a promising training tool, though its efficacy remains unproven. Methods and results: In this single-center study, 247 medical students were assigned to three different guidance modes to manage a virtual ST-elevation myocardial infarction patient using the Simulation-based Training of Emergencies for Physicians using Virtual Reality (STEP-VR) application. A pre-post-test design, based on European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines, was used to evaluate learning outcomes. Our results showed a significant increase in knowledge after the training. Students in the tutor-moderated 'human guidance' group demonstrated the greatest knowledge improvement ( Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that VR-based acute coronary syndrome/ST-elevation myocardial infarction training is both operationally feasible and educationally effective. Notably, integrated guidance yielded outcomes comparable to tutor-led instruction, underscoring the potential of this approach as a platform for independent, extracurricular learning. While our data suggest VR training may support clinical performance, future studies with objective assessments are needed to confirm its real-world value.

Indexed as

Acute coronary syndromeEmergency managementImmersive technologiesPreparedness for real-life scenariosSTEMIVR-based simulation training

Identifiers

PMID41574044
PMCPMC12821071

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.