ArticleFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2025
Deciphering the immunomodulatory mechanisms of
Article in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Methods: The chemical ingredients of CII-3 were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), and immune-enhancing mechanisms and active constituents were investigated by integration of metabolomics with network pharmacology and molecular docking. Results: A total of 25 components were identified in the aqueous extract of CII-3, among which 10 were unambiguously confirmed by comparison with reference standards. In immunosuppressed rats, oral administration of CII-3 normalized biochemical profiles by promoting the secretion of immune-related cytokines (IL-2, IL-6) and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM), significantly improving immune organ indices, and alleviating pathological lesions in the thymus and spleen. Furthermore, CII-3 stimulation attenuated CTX-induced upregulation of IL-6 mRNA levels and concurrently enhanced IL-2 mRNA expression in these two immune organs. Based on metabolomics analysis, 27 differential metabolites along with 7 crucial metabolic pathways including starch and sucrose metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism were regulated after CII-3 treatment, suggesting that CII-3 has the potential to target these metabolites and key pathways to improve immunosuppression. Nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) were considered as the pivotal targets, and ginsenine, cyclo (Tyr-Asp), guanosine, tryptophan and inosine were deemed potential active components of CII-3 in alleviating immunosuppression. Conclusion: The proposed approach provides a valuable evidence for demonstrating the material basis of CII-3. The results obtained in the present study elucidated that the potential immunomodulatory activity of CII-3 might be closely associated with these crucial targets, which can modulate the levels of major metabolites through multiple metabolic pathways, thus ameliorating immunosuppression.
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