ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Biological sex and bilingualism: Its impact on risk and resilience for dementia.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bilingualism's protective effects in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms of resilience and resistance.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Biological sex and bilingualism: Its impact on risk and resilience for dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
introductionThe relationship between biological sex, considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and bilingualism, a resilience factor, is unclear. We assessed this relationship in 335 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a Canadian cohort.
methodsWe used univariate analysis and structural equation modelling to study the relationship between female sex and bilingualism. We created a resilience index (RI) for each participant using the residual approach. Logistic and linear regressions predicted cognitive and brain health in relation to RI.
resultsOverall, bilingual males had increased RI. Higher RI was associated with less risk of AD and less neuropathology and glial activation as indexed by plasma p-tau181, neurofilament light, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. DISCUSSION: In MCI, the combination of elevated estradiol levels due to aromatization and bilingualism may provide synergistic protection for verbal memory, making old bilingual males more resilient. Highlights: Sex steroids influence verbal memoryIn a structural equation modeling (SEM) model, verbal memory mediates cognitive declineElevated estradiol from aromatization makes old bilinguals more resilient.
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