ArticlePsychological medicine2026
Using large biobanks for psychiatric genomic research: Consistency of clinical and genetic aspects of recorded depression across US states in the All of Us Research Program.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundLarge biobanks offer unprecedented data for psychiatric genomic research, but concerns exist about representativeness and generalizability. This study examined depression prevalence and polygenic risk score (PRS) associations in the
methodsDepression prevalence and correlates were analyzed in two subsamples: those with self-reported personal medical history (PMH) data (N = 185,232 overall; N = 114,739 with genetic data) and those with electronic health record (EHR) data (N = 287,015 overall; N = 206,175 with genetic data). PRS weights were estimated across ancestry groups. Associations of PRS with depression were examined by state and ancestry.
resultsDepression prevalence varied across states in both PMH (16.7-35.9%) and EHR (0.2-45.8%) data. Concordance between PMH and EHR diagnoses was low (kappa: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.30-0.30). Overall, one standard deviation increase in depression PRS was associated with lifetime depression based on PMH (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.07) and EHR (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.04-1.07). Results were generally consistent by ancestry, with the strongest signal for European ancestry (PMH: OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.08-1.12; EHR: OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10). Associations between PRS and lifetime depression were largely consistent and significant associations varied minimally (ORs = 1.06-1.45) by state of residence in both subsamples.
conclusionsRecorded depression prevalence by state in
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