ArticleBMC complementary medicine and therapies2026
In vitro antipromastigote activity of decoction and hydrodistillation extracts of Clematis hirsuta leaves against Leishmania donovani and Leishmania aethiopica.
Article in BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a significant health concern in four eco-epidemiological regions of the world (WHO, 2024). Annually, there are thought to be 700,000 to 1 million new cases of leishmaniasis. Only 25–45% of the estimated 50–90,000 new cases of VL that are reported to WHO each year are actually seen worldwide. Only about 200,000 CL new cases are reported to WHO each year, out of an estimated 600,000 to 1 million worldwide (WHO, 2023). The current study was aimed at scientifically validating the antileishmanial potential of Clematis hirsuta by testing the in vitro antipromastigote activity of Clematis hirsuta decoction and hydro distilled leaves extracts and to test for cytotoxicity. The antipromastigote activities of the extracts of Clematis hirsuta against Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania donovani at at 100 µg/ml and their cytotoxic effects on human red blood cells were evaluated. The decoction extracts of C. hirsuta inhibited the growth of L. aethiopica and L. donovani by 75.36 ± 1.47% and 87.37 ± 0.39%, respectively, at 100 µg/ml. The hydro distilled extract inhibited the growth of L. aethiopica and L. donovani by 97.22 ± 0.02% and 97.54 ± 0.07%, respectively. The IC50 values of decocted extract were 0.01 µg/ml and 0.002 µg/ml against L. aethopica and L. donovani, respectively. The IC50 values of the hydro distilled extracts were 0.39 µg/ml and 0.06 µg/ml against L. aethopica and L. donovani, respectively. In the hemolysis assay, the decoction extracts resulted in 18.18 ± 2.14% hemolysis on red blood cells. The hydro distilled extract caused 57.57 ± 4.28% hemolysis on red blood cells. The CC50 values of decocted extract and hydro distilled extracts were > 1000 µg/ml and 881.0 µg/ml on red blood cells respectively. In terms of the selectivity index values, the decocted extract had an SI > 1000 for both Leishmania promastigotes. The hydro distilled extract had an SI of 2258.97 for L. aethiopica and 14,683.3 for L. donovani. In conclusion, the decocted extract showed greater than 75% activity, whereas the hydro distilled extract showed greater than 97% activity against both Leishmania promastigotes. The extracts were less toxic against RBC. Both extracts were selective against both Leishmania promastigotes but further studies are recommended.
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