ArticlePharmacological reports : PR2026
Impact of environmentally induced hypothermia on fentanyl and norfentanyl pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration to Wistar rats.
Article in Pharmacological reports : PR, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl and Norfentanyl in a Rat Model of Fixed-Volume Hemorrhagic Shock.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- Bioactive Constituents and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Shenfu Decoction in a Rat Model of Seawater-Immersion-Induced Accidental Hypothermia.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Intraoperative Mild Hypothermia Alleviate Acute Postoperative Pain Through Attenuating Sufentanil Metabolism: A Prospective Cohort Study with Experimental Validation.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFentanyl, a synthetic opioid with potent analgesic and sedative properties, is widely administered in intensive care. Many critically ill patients present with, or develop, hypothermia driven by multifactorial disturbances such as sepsis, trauma, circulatory shock, or environmental exposure. Because reduced core temperature affects perfusion, metabolism, and clearance, hypothermia may meaningfully alter fentanyl disposition, although these effects remain insufficiently defined. Given these uncertainties, this study investigates how moderate hypothermia (MH) and severe hypothermia (SH) alter the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its primary metabolite, norfentanyl, compared with normothermic controls.
methodsMale Wistar rats were divided into three groups and subjected to different environmental temperatures: normothermic controls (37 °C), MH (30 °C), and SH (27 °C). Fentanyl (10 µg/kg) was administered via a short intravenous infusion, and serial blood samples were collected over 60 min. Serum fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using Phoenix WinNonlin software.
resultsMaximum fentanyl concentration increased in both MH and SH groups, reaching statistical significance only under severe hypothermia (p < 0.001). The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) increased markedly (p = 0.009) in SH group, indicating increased overall drug exposure. Clearance decreased by 44% (p = 0.010), and volume of distribution in steady state (V
conclusionsHypothermia significantly alters fentanyl and norfentanyl pharmacokinetics in a temperature-dependent manner.
Indexed as
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41572057What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.