Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41572021›Full record

ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026

Novel Treatment of Pyramidal Multi-Type, Multi-Method, and Multi-Layer (3M) Autologous Fat Grafting Strategy for Infraorbital Aging.

Jie Zhu, Yingshen Shi, Xiaoyan Yu, Jianghui Ying, Lu Lu, Zuochao Yao, Qianhui Xu, Xuemei Wu, Hua Jiang, Hui Wang

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jie Zhu *Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Yingshen Shi *Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Xiaoyan YuDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Jianghui YingDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Lu LuDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Zuochao YaoDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Qianhui XuDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Xuemei WuDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Hua JiangDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China. dosjh@126.com.
Hui WangDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Jimo Road 150, Shanghai, 200120, China. pathology2000@163.com.ORCID 0009-0000-8092-1923

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLower eyelid aging manifests as several distinct issues, including tear trough deformities, eye bags (with or without skin laxity), and infraorbital dark circles. As lower eyelid aging represents a complex and multifactorial problem, the current approaches, relying on a single surgical technique or injection of single product, often yield unsatisfactory results. The present study describes a simplified strategy utilizing fat derivatives transplantation: the Pyramidal Multi-type, Multi-method, and Multi-layer (3M) strategy. This approach achieved favorable outcomes by simultaneously addressing all these lower eyelid aging problems.

methodsThis study included 53 patients (106 sides), with a median follow-up of 15.5 months (range from 6 to 24 months). All patients received Pyramidal 3M fat grafting for lower eyelid aging by deep transplantation of macrofat, superficial transplantation of microfat or microfat/superficial enhanced fluid fat (SEFF), and subdermal transplantation of nanofat or stromal vascular fraction (SVF). We retrospectively analyzed the histories and photographs of patients who underwent Pyramidal 3M fat grafting for lower eyelid aging. Patients were followed up before and 6 months after the treatments by modified Goldberg scale and subject satisfaction assessment (SSA) scale.

resultsOnly mild adverse effects such as mild edema and transient ecchymosis were observed, occurring in 3.8% of patients. More severe complications like infections, calcification, fibrosis, fat liquefaction, visible grafts, occlusion of the ophthalmic artery, or vision loss were not encountered in any participants. 11 patients (22 sides) underwent revision surgery 3-6 months after the initial procedure due to suboptimal outcomes. Both the Goldberg scale and SSA scale demonstrated statistically significant improvements to varying degrees.

conclusionThe Pyramidal 3M autologous fat grafting strategy provides a convenient, effective, and safe solution for infraorbital rejuvenation in middle-aged patients, with rapid recovery. This technique effectively addresses tear trough deformities, mild eye bags (without skin laxity), and dark circles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Indexed as

Adipose TissueBlepharoplastyEyelidsSkin AgingAdultAgedCohort StudiesEstheticsFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedPatient SatisfactionRejuvenationRetrospective StudiesAutologous fat graftingDark circleInfraorbital agingLower eyelid

Identifiers

PMID41572021

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.