Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41568098›Full record

ReviewComputational and structural biotechnology journal2026

Machine learning for drug-target interaction prediction: A comprehensive review of models, challenges, and computational strategies.

Bilal Ahmad, Khmaies Ouahada, Habib Hamam

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Computational and structural biotechnology journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Adaptive Self-Attention Graph Pooling for Drug-Target Affinity Prediction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Artificial Intelligence Across the Drug Development Lifecycle.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Bilal AhmadDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Corner Kingsway, Johannesburg, 2092, Gauteng, South Africa.
Khmaies OuahadaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Corner Kingsway, Johannesburg, 2092, Gauteng, South Africa.
Habib HamamDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Corner Kingsway, Johannesburg, 2092, Gauteng, South Africa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Drug discovery is a long, resource-intensive process with high failure rates. Traditional experimental identification of drug-target interactions (DTIs) is especially time-consuming and costly. This comprehensive review examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are transforming DTI prediction, offering substantial potential to reduce drug development time and costs. The review provides a detailed examination of AI/ML-based techniques, detailing data representations for drugs, targets, and their interactions through joint drug-target processing. The review extensively discusses feature extraction and engineering methods, including the construction of interaction-specific features. It also encompasses a broad range of learning paradigms and model architectures, including supervised learning, advanced Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), Deep Learning (DL) models, and hybrid approaches. We further examine training protocols and robust evaluation metrics crucial for assessing model generalization. Ultimately, this review highlights the capacity of these advanced AI/ML methods to deliver more accurate, scalable, and interpretable solutions for DTI prediction. This is crucial for accelerating key stages of drug development, including lead compound identification, off-target profiling, drug repurposing, polypharmacology analysis, and the realization of precision medicine.

Indexed as

Artificial intelligence (AI)Deep learning (DL)Drug discoveryDrug–target affinity (DTA)Drug-target interaction (DTI) predictionGraph neural networks (GNNs)Machine learning (ML)

Identifiers

PMID41568098
PMCPMC12818121

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.